Introduction to LLM

This page provides an easy-to-understand guide on LLMs (Large Language Models) from basics to applications for AI enthusiasts.

Total of 32 articles available. | Currently on page 1 of 1.

Chapter 16 — Secure Fine-Tuning and Adaptation

Sixteenth post of the LLM Primer VII walkthrough. Why fine-tuning aligned models degrades safety (Qi et al.), poisoned fine-tuning data, and rollback disciplines that keep the safety envelope intact.

2026-05-25

Chapter 14 — Token Economics and API Pricing

Fourteenth post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. The input-vs-output token asymmetry, the hidden cost of conversation history, and the invisible reasoning tokens that quietly rewrite the daily bill.

2026-05-06

Chapter 13 — Autoscaling and Cold-Start Mitigation

Thirteenth post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. Why standard HPA fails for LLM serving, KEDA for TTFT-aware scaling, Knative scale-to-zero, and CRIU / CUDA graph caching for sub-5-second cold starts.

2026-05-05

Chapter 10 — The LLM Engine Layer

Tenth post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. vLLM as the safe default, TensorRT-LLM for peak NVIDIA-only throughput, SGLang for structured and agentic outputs, and TGI/Ollama for the rest.

2026-05-02

Chapter 9 — Speculative Decoding

Ninth post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. The draft-verify paradigm — EAGLE, Medusa, MTP, Lookahead, N-gram — and the verification bottleneck that decides real speedup.

2026-05-01

Chapter 8 — Next-Generation KV Cache Management

Eighth post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. PagedAttention, KV eviction algorithms (H2O, InfiniGen), and prefix caching for multi-turn conversations and multi-agent RAG.

2026-04-30

Chapter 7 — Advanced Batching Strategies

Seventh post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. Static vs dynamic vs continuous (in-flight) batching, iteration-level scheduling, and how a batch's slots actually progress on the GPU.

2026-04-29

Chapter 6 — Pruning and Knowledge Distillation

Sixth post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. Structured vs unstructured pruning, 2:4 sparsity on Hopper, and the distillation lineage from soft probabilities to Patient Knowledge Distillation and MiniLLM.

2026-04-28

Chapter 5 — Demystifying Quantization

Fifth post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. From BF16 to INT4 to Blackwell FP4 — quantization algorithms (AWQ, GPTQ, GGUF, SmoothQuant), NVIDIA ModelOpt, and when quantization is safe versus lossy.

2026-04-27

Chapter 1 — The Mechanics of Token Generation

First post of the LLM Primer VI walkthrough. The autoregressive bottleneck, the prefill/decode split, and why a high-end GPU is 99.7% idle while serving a single user.

2026-04-23

Chapter 7 — LLM Security and Guardrails

Seventh post of the LLM Primer V walkthrough. The OWASP LLM Top 10 as a working checklist, direct-versus-indirect prompt injection, and the four-layer mitigation matrix.

2026-04-20

Chapter 11 — Attack Surfaces and Protocol Vulnerabilities

Eleventh post of the LLM Primer IV walkthrough. The classical attacks adapted to MCP — Confused Deputy, Token Passthrough, Session Hijacking — the protocol-level flaws around capability escalation and unauthenticated sampling, and the implicit trust propagation that makes context poisoning a structural problem rather than a hygiene one.

2026-04-09

Chapter 10 — Long-Horizon Task Memory

Tenth post of the LLM Primer IV walkthrough. Short-term memory through windows and ReAct scratchpads, long-term memory through episodic vectors and semantic stores, and the compaction techniques that keep an agent productive over hours and days.

2026-04-08

Chapter 3 — Advanced Chunking Frameworks

Third post of the LLM Primer III walkthrough. The chunking spectrum from fixed-size to structure-aware, the overlap myth, the context cliff that destroys retrieval quietly, and the contextual-retrieval and late-chunking techniques that have reshaped the frontier.

2026-03-20

LLM Primer III — Series Introduction & Index

Kicking off the chapter-by-chapter walkthrough of Book III in the LLM Primer series — Enhancing Enterprise AI with RAG. Why retrieval-augmented generation looks simple from the outside and is a stack of disciplines underneath, who this book is for, and the schedule for the eleven posts that follow, March 18 through March 28.

2026-03-17

Chapter 12 — Real-World Applications of LLMs

Twelfth post of the LLM Primer II walkthrough. Text generation, summarization, QA, translation, reasoning — and the constrained decoding, agent loops, and multimodal generalization that turn one next-token machine into a dozen kinds of product.

2026-03-14

Chapter 7 — Efficiency and Transformer Variants

Seventh post of the LLM Primer II walkthrough. The computational complexity of attention, the GPU memory and throughput math that constrains real systems, FlashAttention derived from first principles, and the family of clever variants — multi-query, gated, low-rank — that keep big models running.

2026-03-09

Chapter 6 — Transformer Blocks and Representation Power

Sixth post of the LLM Primer II walkthrough. Feed-forward layers, activation functions, why "attention + FFN" is exactly the right pair, and what mathematical guarantees depth and width give you about expressivity.

2026-03-08

Chapter 5 — Position, Order, and Sequence Structure

Fifth post of the LLM Primer II walkthrough. How transformers acquire a sense of order — from the original sinusoidal encoding to relative position to RoPE — and a striking final view that ties the whole apparatus to Fourier analysis.

2026-03-07

Chapter 4 — Attention: The Core Mechanism

Fourth post of the LLM Primer II walkthrough. Self-attention derived from intuition, the geometry of queries/keys/values, multi-head structure and normalization, softmax in detail with its temperature knob, and a striking final move: attention seen as a kernel method.

2026-03-06

LLM Primer II — Language Models Through Mathematics: Series Introduction & Index

Kicking off the chapter-by-chapter walkthrough of Book II in the LLM Primer series — Language Models Through Mathematics. How the book is organized, what each chapter delivers, and the schedule for the fourteen posts that follow, March 3 through March 16.

2026-03-02

Chapter 11 — Cutting-Edge Research: MoE, Reasoning Models, and the New Scaling Axis

Chapter 11 of the LLM Primer I series. The research frontiers that are now production reality — mixture-of-experts, retrieval-augmented memory, native multimodal tokenization, continual learning, and the inference-time scaling paradigm that produced today's reasoning models. The 2026 edition's biggest content addition.

2026-02-28

Chapter 9 — Performance, Scaling, and Costs: The Real Engineering Trade-offs

Chapter 9 of the LLM Primer I series. The operational realities of running LLMs at scale — model size vs capability, the latency–throughput trade-off, cost economics, quantization, and edge deployment. Why frontier-tier models are often the wrong choice even when you can afford them.

2026-02-26

Chapter 4 — The Transformer Architecture: Inside the Engine of Modern AI

Chapter 4 of the LLM Primer I series. A tour of the Transformer block — how self-attention, positional encoding, and stacked layers combine to produce the architecture every modern LLM is built on. Includes a clear explanation of why scaling Transformers works, and what it costs.

2026-02-21

Chapter 3 — Neural Networks for Language: From RNNs to Self-Attention

Chapter 3 of the LLM Primer I series. Why feedforward networks couldn't handle language, how RNNs hit a wall, and what attention changed. A clean conceptual progression through the three neural-network shapes that defined modern NLP — without the math anxiety.

2026-02-20